Research

Goodman (1965)-context vs. lists

• Replication studies
• Comparison studies
• Context vs. phonics
• Good readers vs. poor readers
• Eye movement studies
• Young readers vs. older readers

Counterargument

• Researchers not using authentic texts
• Visual and auditory learning style differences
• Motivational or cultural shortcomings from family background

Phonemic Awareness and Alphabetic Coding

• Predictors of success
• Relatedness among features of PA, AC, WI, and M
• Explicit instruction is a well established conclusion
• Reading as natural language idea not supported by linguists, psychologists, or cognitive scientists

Exclusion is Not a Part of Code-Oriented Research and Theory

• Allows for conception of reading and writing relationship
• Allows for functional use of developing decoding skills
• Goal is construction of meaning

Classroom Application

• Policy deemphasizes phonics instruction
• Teachers not trained or motivated to teach phonics